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Oxetane and thietane are made up of a valuable type of heterocyclic compounds with a four-membered structure, consisting three carbon atoms and oxetane contains another oxygen atom while thietane contains the sulfur atom (Fig 1). They are widely abundant in various natural substances, numerous biologically active compounds have been demonstrated that the oxetane and thietane moiety is the major structural framework, offering potential application in medicinal synthesis. Most oxetane and thietane are produced by ring-closure substitution reaction from correlative alkane. It is much noteworthy that oxetane and thietane are highly flammable, their use and storage must be carefully conducted.
Fig.1. Oxetane and thietane compounds
Most oxetane and thietane are very water-soluble, because conjugated structure is absence in the polar four-membered rings and the oxygen or sulfur atom can form hydrogen bond with water molecule which coordinatively promote the solubility. Without the limitation of the conjugated framework, oxetane and thietane possess a low boiling point and melting point thus they are commonly presented as colorless liquid. After a long period of research, many reports have demonstrated that oxetane and thietane are the key active functional groups of natural products, advancing the fabrication of various modern medicine and research of pharmacological molecules.
Pharmaceutical Chemistry:
Oxetane and thietane compounds are widespread in natural drug molecules and biological metabolites (Fig 2). Their derivatives are usually utilized to prepare medicinal precursors, which possess remarkable pharmacological and physiological activities, such as antibacterial, anticonvulsant, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory behavior, etc. The bioactivity and solubility of the oxetane derivatives can be adjusted by modifying different functional groups to achieve optimal effect.
Fig.2. Oxetane-containing metabolites derived from plants and insects (Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2019, 103, 2449-2467.)
Organic Synthesis:
Owing to the ring tension and polar property of oxygen atom, all the oxetane rings can participate in retro-aldol condensation reactions, providing more complex products in a one-step method. The related example is shown in Fig 3.
Fig.3. Retro-aldol condensation of 3-hydroxy oxetane carboxylates (Chimia 2011, 65, 71-75.)
Substance detection:
As the fundamental genetic material of an organism, amino acid plays a particularly important role in sustaining the growth of organisms. Oxetane can react with glutathione, offering potential application in testing. As depicted in Fig 4, A variety of oxetane analogs have been utilized as building blocks of probes for medicinal chemistry.
Fig.4. Examples of oxetanes tested with glutathione. (Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 12150-12233.)
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Medicinal chemistry and drug research require diverse chemical components to meet strict requirements not only in terms of physical and chemical properties but also in terms of chemical reactivity.
Medicinal chemistry and drug research require diverse chemical components to meet strict requirements not only in terms of physical and chemical properties but also in terms of chemical reactivity.
The chemists use the 'build–couple–pair' strategy of organic synthesis, which entails preparing molecular building blocks that contain several chemical groups.
The chemical building block (CBB) is a molecule which can be converted to various secondary chemicals and intermediates, and, in turn, into a broad range of different downstream uses.
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