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Alkanes are organic compounds made up of merely two elements, namely carbon and hydrogen. The carbon atoms in the molecule are all connected by carbon-carbon single bonds, and the rest of the valence bonds are bonded to hydrogen. According to the different molecular skeletons of alkanes, alkanes can be divided into two categories: chain alkanes (aliphatic alkanes) and cyclic alkanes (alicyclic alkanes). Chain alkanes can be further divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. The overall structure mostly consists of only carbon and hydrogen atoms in a carbon-carbon single bond with the organic compound of hydrocarbon single bond, saturation means that the molecule has reached the maximum combination of carbon atoms and other atoms.
All the carbon atoms are sp3 hybridized, and all the atoms are connected by σ bonds with bond angles close to 109°28'. The average bond length of C-C bond is 154 pm, and the average bond length of C-H bond is 109 pm. Since the electron cloud of σ bond is axisymmetrically distributed along the bond axis, the two bonding atoms are free to rotate around the bond axis.
Since alkanes contain only C-C single bond and C-H single bond, both of which are strong, and the difference in electronegativity between carbon and hydrogen is very small, so the C-H bond has very little polarity and is a weak polar bond. Therefore, compared to other organic substances, alkanes reagents have considerable chemical stability, and in general, alkanes do not react with most reagents such as strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizers, etc. However, under certain conditions, such as at high temperatures or in the presence of catalysts, alkanes can also act with some reagents.
Because of the high cost of alkane production (generally catalytic hydrogenation with olefins), alkanes are not produced industrially, but are extracted directly from petroleum. Due to lower reactivity, alkanes are also not used in industry as a basic chemical raw material. The role of alkanes is mainly to make fuels. For example, natural gas and biogas (whose main component is methane) are clean energy sources that have been widely used recently.
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Medicinal chemistry and drug research require diverse chemical components to meet strict requirements not only in terms of physical and chemical properties but also in terms of chemical reactivity.
Medicinal chemistry and drug research require diverse chemical components to meet strict requirements not only in terms of physical and chemical properties but also in terms of chemical reactivity.
The chemists use the 'build–couple–pair' strategy of organic synthesis, which entails preparing molecular building blocks that contain several chemical groups.
The chemical building block (CBB) is a molecule which can be converted to various secondary chemicals and intermediates, and, in turn, into a broad range of different downstream uses.
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